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This MySQL tutorial explores all of the comparison operators used to test for equality and inequality, as well as the more advanced operators.
Description
Comparison operators are used in the WHERE clause to determine which records to select. Here is a list of the comparison operators that you can use in MySQL:
- 'Our customers trust us to protect not only their property but also their private information. With the Secure Enclaves enhancement of Always Encrypted in SQL Server 2019, we can now enforce highly restricted, client-application-based access to our customers' most sensitive data without inhibiting our real-world data handling and analysis requirements.'.
- MySQL WORKBENCH is a Visual database designing and modeling access tool for MySQL server relational database. It facilitates creation of new physical data models and modification of existing MySQL databases with reverse/forward engineering and change management functions.
Fully managed database based on the latest community editions. Azure Database for MySQL is easy to set up, manage, and scale. It automates the management and maintenance of your infrastructure and database server, including routine updates, backups, and security. Compile mysql online Language: Ada Assembly Bash C# C (gcc) C (clang) C (vc) C (gcc) C (clang) C (vc) Client Side Clojure Common Lisp D Elixir Erlang F# Fortran Go Haskell Java Javascript Kotlin Lua MySql Node.js Ocaml Octave Objective-C Oracle Pascal Perl Php PostgreSQL Prolog Python Python 3 R Rust Ruby Scala Scheme Sql Server Swift. MySQL Tutorial for Database Administrators. This step-by-step tutorial gives you in-depth background information on MySQL administration. This section cover everything from basic to advanced MySQL administration and configuration. All MySQL administration tutorials presented in this section are practical and widely used in the enterprise.
| Comparison Operator | Description |
|---|---|
| = | Equal |
| <=> | Equal (Safe to compare NULL values) |
| <> | Not Equal |
| != | Not Equal |
| > | Greater Than |
| >= | Greater Than or Equal |
| < | Less Than |
| <= | Less Than or Equal |
| IN ( ) | Matches a value in a list |
| NOT | Negates a condition |
| BETWEEN | Within a range (inclusive) |
| IS NULL | NULL value |
| IS NOT NULL | Non-NULL value |
| LIKE | Pattern matching with % and _ |
| EXISTS | Condition is met if subquery returns at least one row |
Let's review the comparison operators that you can use in MySQL.
Example - Equality Operator
In MySQL, you can use the = operator to test for equality in a query. The = operator can only test equality with values that are not NULL.
For example:
In this example, the SELECT statement above would return all rows from the contacts table where the last_name is equal to Johnson.
Example - Equality Operator (Safe with NULL Values)
Because the = operator only compares non-NULL values, it is not safe to use with NULL values. To overcome this limitation, MySQL added the <=> operator to allow you to test for equality with both NULL and non-NULL values.
To better explain the difference between the = operator and the <=> operator, we will include some examples with both queries and data.
Assuming that we have a table called contacts in MySQL that is populated with the following data:
| contact_id | last_name | website1 | website2 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Johnson | techonthenet.com | |
| 2 | Anderson | ||
| 3 | Smith | TBD | TDB |
| 4 | Jackson | checkyourmath.com | digminecraft.com |
We could use the = operator in the following query:
Because we used the = operator, we would get the following results:
| contact_id | last_name | website1 | website2 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 3 | Smith | TBD | TDB |
In this example, the SELECT statement above would return all rows from the contacts table where the website1 is equal to website2. It does not return the second record where website1 and website2 are both NULL values.
Now let's see what happens when we rewrite our query using the <=> operator that is safe to use with NULL values:
Because we used the <=> operator, we would get the following results:
| contact_id | last_name | website1 | website2 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2 | Anderson | ||
| 3 | Smith | TBD | TDB |
Now our query returns all rows from the contacts table where website1 is equal to website2, including those records where website1 and website2 are NULL values.
Example - Inequality Operator
In MySQL, you can use the <> or != operators to test for inequality in a query.
For example, we could test for inequality using the <> operator, as follows:
In this example, the SELECT statement would return all rows from the contacts table where the last_name is not equal to Johnson.
Or you could also write this query using the != operator, as follows:
Both of these queries would return the same results.
Example - Greater Than Operator
You can use the > operator in MySQL to test for an expression greater than.
In this example, the SELECT statement would return all rows from the contacts table where the contact_id is greater than 50. A contact_id equal to 50 would not be included in the result set.
Example - Greater Than or Equal Operator
In MySQL, you can use the >= operator to test for an expression greater than or equal to.
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In this example, the SELECT statement would return all rows from the contacts table where the contact_id is greater than or equal to 50. In this case, contact_id equal to 50 would be included in the result set.
Example - Less Than Operator
You can use the < operator in MySQL to test for an expression less than.
In this example, the SELECT statement would return all rows from the inventory table where the product_id is less than 300. A product_id equal to 300 would not be included in the result set.
Example - Less Than or Equal Operator
In MySQL, you can use the <= operator to test for an expression less than or equal to.
In this example, the SELECT statement would return all rows from the inventory table where the product_id is less than or equal to 300. In this case, product_id equal to 300 would be included in the result set.
Example - Advanced Operators
We've written specific tutorials to discuss each of the more advanced comparison operators. These topics will be covered later, or you can jump to one of these tutorials now.
- Learn MySQL
- MySQL Useful Resources
- Selected Reading
You have seen MySQL pattern matching with LIKE ...%. MySQL supports another type of pattern matching operation based on the regular expressions and the REGEXP operator. If you are aware of PHP or PERL, then it is very simple for you to understand because this matching is same like those scripting the regular expressions.
Following is the table of pattern, which can be used along with the REGEXP operator.
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| Pattern | What the pattern matches |
|---|---|
| ^ | Beginning of string |
| $ | End of string |
| . | Any single character |
| [...] | Any character listed between the square brackets |
| [^...] | Any character not listed between the square brackets |
| p1|p2|p3 | Alternation; matches any of the patterns p1, p2, or p3 |
| * | Zero or more instances of preceding element |
| + | One or more instances of preceding element |
| {n} | n instances of preceding element |
| {m,n} | m through n instances of preceding element |
Examples
Now based on above table, you can device various type of SQL queries to meet your requirements. Here, I am listing a few for your understanding.
Consider we have a table called person_tbl and it is having a field called name −
Comparison operators are used in the WHERE clause to determine which records to select. Here is a list of the comparison operators that you can use in MySQL:
- 'Our customers trust us to protect not only their property but also their private information. With the Secure Enclaves enhancement of Always Encrypted in SQL Server 2019, we can now enforce highly restricted, client-application-based access to our customers' most sensitive data without inhibiting our real-world data handling and analysis requirements.'.
- MySQL WORKBENCH is a Visual database designing and modeling access tool for MySQL server relational database. It facilitates creation of new physical data models and modification of existing MySQL databases with reverse/forward engineering and change management functions.
Fully managed database based on the latest community editions. Azure Database for MySQL is easy to set up, manage, and scale. It automates the management and maintenance of your infrastructure and database server, including routine updates, backups, and security. Compile mysql online Language: Ada Assembly Bash C# C (gcc) C (clang) C (vc) C (gcc) C (clang) C (vc) Client Side Clojure Common Lisp D Elixir Erlang F# Fortran Go Haskell Java Javascript Kotlin Lua MySql Node.js Ocaml Octave Objective-C Oracle Pascal Perl Php PostgreSQL Prolog Python Python 3 R Rust Ruby Scala Scheme Sql Server Swift. MySQL Tutorial for Database Administrators. This step-by-step tutorial gives you in-depth background information on MySQL administration. This section cover everything from basic to advanced MySQL administration and configuration. All MySQL administration tutorials presented in this section are practical and widely used in the enterprise.
| Comparison Operator | Description |
|---|---|
| = | Equal |
| <=> | Equal (Safe to compare NULL values) |
| <> | Not Equal |
| != | Not Equal |
| > | Greater Than |
| >= | Greater Than or Equal |
| < | Less Than |
| <= | Less Than or Equal |
| IN ( ) | Matches a value in a list |
| NOT | Negates a condition |
| BETWEEN | Within a range (inclusive) |
| IS NULL | NULL value |
| IS NOT NULL | Non-NULL value |
| LIKE | Pattern matching with % and _ |
| EXISTS | Condition is met if subquery returns at least one row |
Let's review the comparison operators that you can use in MySQL.
Example - Equality Operator
In MySQL, you can use the = operator to test for equality in a query. The = operator can only test equality with values that are not NULL.
For example:
In this example, the SELECT statement above would return all rows from the contacts table where the last_name is equal to Johnson.
Example - Equality Operator (Safe with NULL Values)
Because the = operator only compares non-NULL values, it is not safe to use with NULL values. To overcome this limitation, MySQL added the <=> operator to allow you to test for equality with both NULL and non-NULL values.
To better explain the difference between the = operator and the <=> operator, we will include some examples with both queries and data.
Assuming that we have a table called contacts in MySQL that is populated with the following data:
| contact_id | last_name | website1 | website2 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Johnson | techonthenet.com | |
| 2 | Anderson | ||
| 3 | Smith | TBD | TDB |
| 4 | Jackson | checkyourmath.com | digminecraft.com |
We could use the = operator in the following query:
Because we used the = operator, we would get the following results:
| contact_id | last_name | website1 | website2 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 3 | Smith | TBD | TDB |
In this example, the SELECT statement above would return all rows from the contacts table where the website1 is equal to website2. It does not return the second record where website1 and website2 are both NULL values.
Now let's see what happens when we rewrite our query using the <=> operator that is safe to use with NULL values:
Because we used the <=> operator, we would get the following results:
| contact_id | last_name | website1 | website2 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2 | Anderson | ||
| 3 | Smith | TBD | TDB |
Now our query returns all rows from the contacts table where website1 is equal to website2, including those records where website1 and website2 are NULL values.
Example - Inequality Operator
In MySQL, you can use the <> or != operators to test for inequality in a query.
For example, we could test for inequality using the <> operator, as follows:
In this example, the SELECT statement would return all rows from the contacts table where the last_name is not equal to Johnson.
Or you could also write this query using the != operator, as follows:
Both of these queries would return the same results.
Example - Greater Than Operator
You can use the > operator in MySQL to test for an expression greater than.
In this example, the SELECT statement would return all rows from the contacts table where the contact_id is greater than 50. A contact_id equal to 50 would not be included in the result set.
Example - Greater Than or Equal Operator
In MySQL, you can use the >= operator to test for an expression greater than or equal to.
Mysql Workbench Download Latest Version
In this example, the SELECT statement would return all rows from the contacts table where the contact_id is greater than or equal to 50. In this case, contact_id equal to 50 would be included in the result set.
Example - Less Than Operator
You can use the < operator in MySQL to test for an expression less than.
In this example, the SELECT statement would return all rows from the inventory table where the product_id is less than 300. A product_id equal to 300 would not be included in the result set.
Example - Less Than or Equal Operator
In MySQL, you can use the <= operator to test for an expression less than or equal to.
In this example, the SELECT statement would return all rows from the inventory table where the product_id is less than or equal to 300. In this case, product_id equal to 300 would be included in the result set.
Example - Advanced Operators
We've written specific tutorials to discuss each of the more advanced comparison operators. These topics will be covered later, or you can jump to one of these tutorials now.
- Learn MySQL
- MySQL Useful Resources
- Selected Reading
You have seen MySQL pattern matching with LIKE ...%. MySQL supports another type of pattern matching operation based on the regular expressions and the REGEXP operator. If you are aware of PHP or PERL, then it is very simple for you to understand because this matching is same like those scripting the regular expressions.
Following is the table of pattern, which can be used along with the REGEXP operator.
Mysql Online Db
| Pattern | What the pattern matches |
|---|---|
| ^ | Beginning of string |
| $ | End of string |
| . | Any single character |
| [...] | Any character listed between the square brackets |
| [^...] | Any character not listed between the square brackets |
| p1|p2|p3 | Alternation; matches any of the patterns p1, p2, or p3 |
| * | Zero or more instances of preceding element |
| + | One or more instances of preceding element |
| {n} | n instances of preceding element |
| {m,n} | m through n instances of preceding element |
Examples
Now based on above table, you can device various type of SQL queries to meet your requirements. Here, I am listing a few for your understanding.
Consider we have a table called person_tbl and it is having a field called name −
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Query to find all the names starting with 'st' −
Query to find all the names ending with 'ok' −
Query to find all the names, which contain 'mar' −
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Query to find all the names starting with a vowel and ending with 'ok' −
